1. Carl Becker, The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth Century Philosophers (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1932).

2. Charlotte Watkins Smith, Carl Becker on History and the Climate of Opinion (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1956), p. 97. Quotes from a Becker book review published in Philosophical Review, 99 (May 1940), 363.

3. Carl L. Becker, Everyman His Own Historian (New York: F. S. Crofts and Co., 1935), p. 169.

4. Carl L. Becker, “What Are Historical Facts?” The Western Political Quarterly, 8, no. 3 (Sept. 1955), p. 339.

5. Gaetano Salvemini, Historian and Scientist (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1939).

6. Preserved Smith, “The Place of History among the Sciences,” Essays in Intellectual History, David Muzzey (ed.) (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1929), p. 209.

7. Howard K. Beale, “What Historians Have Said about Causes of the Civil War,” Theory and Practice in Historical Study: A Report of the Committee on Historiography, Social Science Research Council Bulletin 54 (New York, 1946), pp. 90–92.

R. Kent Fielding

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